斯里兰卡与圣足峰的神圣意义

Despite the pandemic and all its restrictions, Orgyen Tobgyal Rinpoche and his monks were able to successfully hold a series of drupchens at the holy sites of India towards the end of 2021. Continuing this ‘winning streak’, Rinpoche then brought a large contingent of lamas and monks from Chokling Monastery to Sri Lanka, to hold a drupchen of Tukdrup Barche Kunsel at the sacred mountain of Sri Pada (Adams Peak). A number of foreign students were also able to travel to Sri Lanka to join the drupchen and for their benefit, Rinpoche shared these introductory words about the history of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, and about the special significance of Sri Pada for the different Buddhist traditions.

尽管疫情及其种种限制仍在，乌金督佳仁波切与僧众还是在2021年末成功地于印度各圣地举行了一系列大修。延续这一“连战连捷”的势头，仁波切随后带领秋林寺一大批喇嘛与僧人前往斯里兰卡，在圣足峰（又称亚当峰）举行《上师意修·一切障碍遍除》大修。一些外国弟子也得以前往斯里兰卡参加。为了利益他们，仁波切作了以下介绍，讲述佛教在斯里兰卡的历史，以及圣足峰对各佛教传统的特殊意义。

According to Sri Lankan legend, there was once a girl from Tamil Nadu in India who had a child with no father. She explained that the father was a lion. But because she couldn’t take care of the child, she left him in a cave. The lion came and took care of the child. When he grew up, he started the lineage of the Sri Lankan people. He did not really look like a human being, but more like an animal. That is the Sri Lankan legend. In fact, you can see a lion on their flag.

按照斯里兰卡的传说，从前印度泰米尔纳德有个姑娘，生了一个没有父亲的孩子。她说孩子的父亲是一头狮子。但她无力照顾孩子，便将他留在一个山洞里。狮子前来照顾这个孩子。他长大后，成为斯里兰卡人的始祖。他看上去不太像人，倒更像一只动物。这就是斯里兰卡的传说。事实上，你们可以看到他们的国旗上有一头狮子。

The Buddhist teachings arrived and spread in Sri Lanka at the time of King Ashoka. Ashoka’s father had about one hundred children from his many wives. When Ashoka heard that his father was terminally ill, he travelled to the capital, Patna, and killed all his siblings. But Chanda, the pregnant wife of his elder brother, escaped to a low-caste village where she gave birth, unbeknown to Ashoka. Years later, the child became a Buddhist monk. Everyday King Ashoka would look out from the roof of his palace and each day around lunchtime he would see this monk coming to beg for alms. One day Ashoka called the monk to the palace. “When Ashoka walked into the room where his throne was covered with a white umbrella adorned with gold, he found the monk already seated on the throne. Ashoka was surprised and asked the bikshu what it was all about. The monk explained to the king that he was a follower of the Buddha, and that he was an arhat who had reached a high level of realisation. His name was Samudra. He converted Ashoka to Buddhism, and later, Ashoka sent arhats in every direction in order to bring the Buddhist teachings to the rest of the world—in Burma, Sri Lanka and many other countries.

佛陀的教法是在阿育王时代传入并弘扬于斯里兰卡的。阿育王的父亲有很多妻子，共生了约一百个孩子。阿育王听说父亲病入膏肓，便赶到首都巴特那，杀死了所有兄弟姐妹。但他兄长怀孕的妻子旃陀逃到了一个低种姓村落，在那里生下孩子，阿育王并不知情。多年后，那个孩子成了一名佛教僧人。阿育王每天都会从王宫屋顶向外眺望，每到午饭前后，就会看到这个僧人前来托钵乞食。一天，阿育王把这位僧人召进王宫。当阿育王走进安置王座的房间时，发现僧人已经坐在王座上，王座上方撑着饰有黄金的白伞。阿育王很惊讶，问这位比丘这是怎么回事。僧人向国王解释，自己是佛陀的弟子，是一位获得高深证悟的阿罗汉。他名叫萨穆德拉。他使阿育王皈依了佛教。后来，阿育王派遣阿罗汉前往各个方向，将佛法传到世界其他地方——缅甸、斯里兰卡及许多其他国家。

Ashoka sent Mahinda and four monks to Sri Lanka. They stayed in the forest on a mountain until, one day, the king of Sri Lanka, King Tissa, went hunting on this mountain. When the king first saw the monks, he thought they were yakshas and was going to shoot them with his bow and arrow. But the monks levitated in the sky, displaying their power, and said “we are here because Ashoka sent us to help you.” The moment King Tissa heard Ashoka’s name, he was immediately inspired, and invited the monks to his palace. Later, Mahinda ordained many monks in Sri Lanka.

阿育王派摩哂陀和四位僧人前往斯里兰卡。他们住在山上的森林里，直到有一天，斯里兰卡国王帝须来到这座山上打猎。国王初见僧人时，以为他们是夜叉，正要张弓射箭。僧人却飞升空中，展现神通，说：“我们来到这里，是因为阿育王派我们来帮助您。”帝须王一听到阿育王的名字，立刻生起信心，邀请僧人到王宫去。后来，摩哂陀在斯里兰卡为许多僧人授戒。

King Tissa had a daughter, Anula, who wanted to become a nun. Mahinda explained to her that he and his companions could not ordain her because they were monks. Only bikshunis could ordain her. So the princess asked what they could do. The monk said, “I have a sister in Patna who is a bikshuni. Her name is Sanghamitta. Why don’t you invite her? She is also an arhat.” King Tissa sent many lavish gifts such as right turning conches, rhinoceros horns and the like to invite Sanghamitta. King Ashoka was delighted to hear that Sri Lanka developed an interest for the dharma, so much so that he cut the right branch of the bodhi tree in Bodhgaya, placed it in a golden vase and sent it to Sri Lanka, together with ten bikshunis who set sail for Sri Lanka. This helped to establish Buddhism on the island. After the drupchen, we will go Anuradhapura to see the bodhi tree sent by Ashoka. Gendün Chöpel confirmed that it is really the authentic original tree sent by Ashoka. Experts have dated this tree to be 2,500 years old. Many wars and battles have been fought in the region but no damage has ever come to the tree. It is the genuine tree of enlightenment.

帝须王有个女儿，名叫阿努拉，想要出家为尼。摩哂陀向她解释，自己和同伴都是比丘，无法为她授戒；只有比丘尼才能为她授戒。公主便问可以怎么办。僧人说：“我在巴特那有一个姐妹，是比丘尼，名叫僧伽蜜多。您何不邀请她来？她也是一位阿罗汉。”帝须王送去右旋海螺、犀角等许多贵重礼物，邀请僧伽蜜多。阿育王得知斯里兰卡对佛法产生了兴趣，十分欢喜，甚至截取菩提伽耶菩提树右侧的树枝，放入金瓶，送往斯里兰卡，一同启航的还有十位比丘尼。这有助于佛教在岛上扎根。大修结束后，我们会前往阿努拉德普勒，看看阿育王送来的菩提树。根敦群培确认过，这确实就是阿育王当年送来的那棵真树。专家测定这棵树已有两千五百年树龄。这一地区经历过许多战争与战役，但这棵树始终没有受到损伤。它是真正的菩提树。

The second story I want to tell you about is the Buddha’s tooth. After Buddha passed in parinirvana, his body was cremated but his four canine teeth were not burnt. Each of the four great kings of that time received one. One tooth was given to the King of Kalinga, the region near Kolkata. The king kept it in his possession for a long time and made many offerings to it. But one day Hindus attacked his kingdom and injured him with an arrow. Knowing that his enemies wanted to destroy the Buddha’s tooth, the King gave it to his daughter and told her to take it to Sri Lanka. The daughter hid it in her hair to smuggle it to Sri Lanka. This is the tooth that is now enshrined in Kandy’s main temple. There are many stories related to the Portuguese invasion of Sri Lanka and the tooth, but despite all that, the Sri Lankans say that the Tooth Temple in Kandy still contains the authentic tooth. They actually used to show it, and Khandro Tsering Chodron had the opportunity to see it. But now they no longer display it because of the Muslims. You can however still see the stupa where it is enshrined. This sacred tooth is revered by the Buddhists of all vehicles.

我想讲的第二个故事，是关于佛陀的牙齿。佛陀入般涅槃后，遗体被火化，但四颗犬齿没有烧毁。当时的四位大王各得一颗。其中一颗送给了羯陵伽国王，羯陵伽是加尔各答附近的地区。国王珍藏佛牙很长时间，并作了许多供养。但有一天，印度教徒进攻他的王国，用箭射伤了他。国王知道敌人想毁掉佛牙，便把佛牙交给女儿，吩咐她带去斯里兰卡。女儿将它藏在发中，秘密带到了斯里兰卡。这就是如今供奉在康提主寺中的佛牙。有关葡萄牙人入侵斯里兰卡与佛牙，还有许多故事；但尽管发生过这些事，斯里兰卡人仍说，康提佛牙寺中供奉的是真正的佛牙。以前他们确实会展示佛牙，空行母次仁确珍曾有机会见到。不过，如今因为穆斯林的缘故，他们不再展示它了。但你们仍然可以看到供奉佛牙的佛塔。各乘佛教徒都崇敬这颗神圣的佛牙。

According to Mahayana, Buddha went to Sri Lanka using his miraculous abilities. He flew there and landed on Mount Malaya where he left a footprint and taught the Lankavatara Sutra.

依大乘所说，佛陀曾运用神通来到斯里兰卡。他飞来这里，降落在摩罗耶山，留下足印，并宣说了《楞伽经》。

After the drupchen, we will climb the peak and see the footprint.

大修结束后，我们会登上山顶，瞻仰足印。

This is according to the Mahayana tradition, but Sri Lankan Buddhists also accept that the Buddha came to Sri Lanka and left a footprint, even though they are not followers of the Mahayana. For us, since we are followers of the “greater” Mahayana, we of course agree with that.

这是大乘传统的说法。但斯里兰卡佛教徒虽然并不奉行大乘，也承认佛陀曾来到斯里兰卡并留下足印。至于我们，既然奉行的是“更大”的大乘，自然也赞同这一点。

According to the Mantrayana vehicle, Sri Pada is the most sacred place in this world. Matam Rudra was residing on top of Mount Malaya. All the buddhas of the ten directions manifested together in the form of Hayagriva and Vajravarahi and liberated Matam Rudra.

按照密咒乘所说，圣足峰是这个世界最神圣的地方。玛丹鲁扎住在摩罗耶山顶，十方一切诸佛共同化现为马头明王与金刚亥母，将玛丹鲁扎解脱。

It is also the place where the teachings of Secret Mantra Vajrayana were first taught in this world. The most important sacred places for the Vajrayana are the twenty-four sacred places, the thirty-two sacred lands and the eight great charnel grounds, which are also sacred to Hindus.

这里也是密咒金刚乘教法首次在这个世界传授的地方。金刚乘最重要的圣地，是二十四圣地、三十二圣境与八大尸陀林，这些也是印度教徒的圣地。

The first time the tantra teachings were transmitted in this world was on Mount Malaya, on which occasion all the tantras were taught. Twenty-four years after Buddha passed into parinirvana, the Five Excellent Ones of Sublime Nobility, who were five great beings with exceptional qualities—a god, a naga, a yaksha, a rakshasa and a human being, Vimalakirti—gathered on Mount Malaya where Vajrasattva taught them the tantras exactly as he taught them in Akanishtha. They received both the tantra and sadhana sections of tantric teachings. They did not keep them too long in this world. Instead, they concealed the tantras in space. When the right time came, all the tantra teachings descended on the roof of the palace of King Ja. The teachings of the sadhana section were hidden in the Dechen Tsekpa (Shankarakuta) stupa, where they remained hidden until Guru Rinpoche and the eight great vidhyadharas retrieved them from the stupa. That is when the Vajrayana teachings started to spread in this world. In those days, every man and woman exposed to the Vajrayana teachings became a mahasiddha. That is why we say that this place, Mount Malaya, is the source of the Vajrayana teachings.

密续教法第一次在这个世界传授，就是在摩罗耶山，当时传授了全部密续。佛陀入般涅槃二十四年后，五位殊胜圣者——具有非凡功德的五位大士：一位天、一位龙、一位夜叉、一位罗刹，以及一位人，即维摩诘——聚集在摩罗耶山，金刚萨埵在那里向他们宣说密续，与他在色究竟天所传的完全相同。他们领受了密续教法中的续部和修部。他们没有让这些教法在这个世界停留太久，而是将密续隐藏在虚空中。因缘成熟时，全部密续教法降落在匝王的王宫屋顶上。修部教法则隐藏在大乐聚塔（德钦泽巴，商羯罗山）中，一直保存到莲花生大师和八大持明从塔中取出。金刚乘教法就是从那时开始在这个世界弘扬的。那个时代，每一个接触到金刚乘教法的男女都成为大成就者。因此，我们说摩罗耶山这个地方，是金刚乘教法的源头。

Before the Tibetans did not know clearly where Mount Malaya was. They had different theories. Some would say this is not a place where you can actually go because it is too dangerous—you could be attacked by tigers, panthers or elephants. Nowadays we do not have problems with these animals. Also, there used to be a lot of thunderbolts falling on Mount Malaya making it difficult to visit.

以前，藏人并不清楚摩罗耶山在哪里，有各种不同的说法。有些人会说，这不是一个真正能够前往的地方，因为太危险，可能会遭到老虎、豹子或大象的袭击。现在这些动物已经不会给我们带来麻烦了。而且，以前摩罗耶山上还经常有雷电劈下，很难前往。

When we came last time, in 2015, we practised the root of all tantra teachings—the Minling Dorsem sadhana. This year, since the teachings of the sadhana section include the three roots, we will perform the lama practice of Tukdrup Barche Kunsel.

上一次，2015年我们来这里时，修的是一切密续教法之根本——《敏林多杰森巴》修法。今年，修部教法既然包含三根本，我们就来修上师法《上师意修·一切障碍遍除》。

Sacred places are really important for people like us. For beings who can consecrate sacred places such as the Buddha, it makes no difference. But us, we need to receive the blessings of the place. We cannot bless places so they become sacred but we try to emulate that in our practice as we actualise the infinite purity of all that appears and exists.

圣地对于我们这样的人非常重要。对于像佛陀这样能为圣地加持开光的圣者来说，在哪里并无差别。但我们需要领受这个地方的加持。我们不能给一个地方加持，使其成为圣地；不过，在修持中，当我们令一切显现与存在的无边清净成为现实时，我们就是在尝试效法这一点。

Sri Pada is one of the most famous sacred places of Buddhism. It is sacred to all three vehicles, Hinayana, Mahayana and Vajrayana. Before only monks were allowed to climb the mountain. At the same time, Hindus say that Rama came here and that the footprint is that of Rama. Christians and Muslims say it is the footprint of the first man, Adam.

圣足峰是佛教最著名的圣地之一。它是小乘、大乘、金刚乘三乘共同的圣地。以前，只有僧人获准登山。同时，印度教徒说罗摩曾来到这里，足印是罗摩的。基督徒和穆斯林则说，这是第一个人亚当的足印。

Q: The footprint is 1,80 metre. Isn’t it a bit large?

问：这个足印长1.80米，是不是有点大？

R: When Buddha leaves a footprint, it can be different sizes. He does not have to apply his foot right on the stone, but he can make an imprint just by having his foot over it. Not like us who need to really press to make an imprint on the ground. Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo once left an imprint of his hand in a rock by just extending his hand in the direction of the rock.

仁波切：佛陀留下的足印可以有不同的大小。他不必把脚直接踩在石头上，只要将脚悬在石头上方，就可以留下印记。不像我们，要在地上留下印记，就得实实在在地用力压下去。蒋扬钦哲旺波曾经只是朝一块岩石伸出手，就在岩石上留下了手印。

Q: Did Guru Rinpoche come here?

问：莲花生大师来过这里吗？

R: Of course. Most probably many times.

仁波切：当然来过。很可能来过很多次。